Background: Moringa originally belongs to India and later on it is taken up to different parts of the world. Moringa oleifera is well known ethnobotanical plant belongs to Moringaceae family of plants which is highly significant in Indian food. The immature pods, leaves are eaten as nutritious plant parts. Nowadays, this plant is of high importance in Indian market because of its medicinal and economical importance. Moringa is cultivated on large scale not only in India, but also all over the globe especially in warm countries.Methods: In this study, it was found that this plant contains secondary metabolites which are present in all parts of the plants. The analysis of secondary metabolites has been done on shade dried leaves using soxhlet method with chloroform and water as the solvent of extraction.Results: In the qualitative estimations of these extracts, we observed presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, phenols, protein, amino acids, flavonoids, saponins, resins, terpenoids, coumarins, and quinons. During the quantitative estimation, we observed that plant contains optimum concentrations of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins in leaves. The higher amount of secondary metabolites indicates that this plant has anti-oxidative activity around 86.62 % with absorbance 0.13.Conclusion: The plant Moringa contains numerous necessary components for the growth of human being such as nutrients, vitamins, and necessary elements. It can be a desired component of human diet.

Background: : Sponges produce a wide range of toxins and secondary metabolites. The deadly poisons of some of them contain the strongest toxins known in nature and complex mixtures of bioactive compounds with different chemical structures. One of the aims of this systematic review study is to study the toxinology of sea sponges as well as toxins and bioactive compounds and their functional mechanisms. Materials and Methods: To find studies on the toxicology of sea sponges and their bioactive compounds, in April 2021, the keywords of "toxinology, toxin, secondary metabolite, alkaloid, peptide, terpene, aromatic, steroid and lactone" along with the word "sponge" or "Porifra" were searched through the Google Scholar and Pubmed databases, from 2017 to 2021. After initial reviews based on the purpose of the study, 184 out of 211 articles were selected. The search for “, Porifra”,and the abovementioned compounds did not yield any results. Since the limited number of studies on sponge toxins were found in the initial search, the keywords "sponge and toxin" were re-searched between 1980 and 2021 in the Pubmed database, Scifinder (database of chemical compounds) and the Marin Lit Database (marine natural compounds research), and after omitting the duplicate articles, a total of 27 other related articles were selected and reviewed along with other selected articles. Results: Some toxins and main compounds isolated from different sea sponges, including different chemical groups such as okadaic acid,terpene derivatives such as agelasine, oxofasciospongia, dysivillosins, and hipposponlachnins,peptides such as polytheonamides, soritesidines, and scleritodermins,many different alkaloid compounds include guanidine alkaloids such as monanchocidins, mycalins, crambescidins, unguiculins, netamines, zarzissine, hachijodines,Acridine alkaloids such as amphimedines,bromine and bromotyrosine alkaloids such as aplysinins,benzonaphthryidine derivatives such as aaptamines,imidazole derivatives such as nonamidines,indole derivatives such as fascaplysins, dragmacidins and topsentins,piperidine alkaloids such as saraines, madangamines, haliclonacyclamines, and arenosclerins,pyrimidine alkaloids such as lanesoic acid, hyrtinadine, and variolins,pyridine alkaloids such as amphimedosides and pyrinadines,pyrrole and pyrroloiminoquinoline alkaloids such as makaluvamine, discorhabdins, tsitsikammamines and batzellines,pyrrole compounds such as hymenialdisines as well as quinoline alkaloids such as araguspongines, renieramycins, renierol and lihouidine,steroid compounds such as plakinamines,lactones such as thorectandrols, palauolol, koshikamides, petrosaspongias, latrunculins and other compounds with unique structure and biological effects. Conclusion: There is a great variety of toxins and bioactive molecules in different species of sea sponges that offer a wide range of amazing pharmacological and biological activities.